Chicken Production Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chicken Production - Case Study Example Moreover, enhancing the structure and execution unequivocal factor for offices and gear, just as set up industry-wide rules (i.e., plan standards), will profit the entire business by edifying productivity of makers (i.e., one structure versus various) and plunging defilement and following item reviews. Driving attributes of a decent variety of classes, breeds and assortments of chickens; fundamental Mendalian ideas of inheritance; the instrument of subjective and quantitative heritage; heritability of quantitative characteristics; goals of poultry proliferation for meat and egg creation; frameworks of reproducing in addition to their significance; unadulterated variety versus present day half and half utilized for meat and egg creation; the situation of collection in hereditary turn of events; arrangement strategies; separating and its importance; factors pressure egg size and masterpiece; development and sexual adulthood; ovary, The necessities in addition to details for poultry creation structures relies upon which climatic territory the creation is arranged in, and the sort of creation. Almost certainly, day-old chicks from the incubation center are set in the brooder rings upon inundation. As per the master investigation, grills that have arrived at a realized size might be offered access to the entire horse shelter. Moreover, grill chickens are kept in extraordinary, complete houses with an endless layer of litter, (for example, sawdust, slashed straw or destroyed paper) on the floor. The develop out stage endures 35 - 45 days before the grills arrive at advertise largeness and is bring to the slaughterhouse (Parkhurst, C.R. what's more, G.J. 1997). Standards of Building Construction Besides, every gainful poultry creation is cluster based typically 42 days or a year relying upon creation. Following each cluster the flying creatures are withdrawn, the excrement is segregated and the structures are cleaned and clean. Resulting to a timeframe, a most recent cluster is situated in the structure. In addition, the structure has routine taking care of, watering, temperature control and airing frameworks. Structures might be both obviously ventilated (air modify because of wind) or naturally ventilated (where air is brought into the structures from side to side vents because of an apathetic weight made by methods for divider fans that tire out inside air) Besides, the creation offices are kept as plugged up units with exacting control on access by representatives and partnership. Most likely, eggs might be washed preceding deal, make squander water squander matter containing common issue. Connected framework normal to ovens and egg layers incorporates storehouses for feed think, compost extra room offices and compartments for expired winged animals (Etches, R.J. 1996). Poultry Building Fabric Thermal Analysis To Planning For Reduced Production Costs On the off chance that we broke down, at that point we come to realize that embodied vitality changes amazingly between poultry

Kobe Bean Bryant Essay

Kobe Bean Bryant nicknamed the â€Å"Black Mamba† is an expert b-ball play who plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was conceived on August 23, 1978. He was drafted directly out of secondary school to play for the Charlotte Hornets, yet before long was exchanged to the Los Angeles Lakers, never playing in Charlotte. Bryant is a five-time champion with the Lakers and a double cross Olympic gold medalist with the USA national group. Bryant was conceived on August 23 in Philadelphia. Bryant was named after a Japanese steakhouse. He is child of a previous NBA player Joe â€Å"Jellybean† Bryant. After the senior Bryant completed his NBA vocation he took his family abroad where he played in an Italian class. Experiencing childhood in Italy where soccer was the most mainstream sport Bryant grew up cherishing two games. He would remain the entire day playing soccer on the asphalt handle throughout the day, at that point after all the children returned home he dealt with idealizing his mid-run jumper. Kobe later came back to Philadelphia where he played in secondary school with Lower Merion High School. Peering toward the NBA he exercise with the close by NBA group the Philadelphia 76ers. Kobe chose to skip school and head directly to the NBA. He was drafted by the Charlotte Hornets and hence exchanged to the Los Angeles where his vocation touched off. (Biography.com/Kobe Bryant). Kobe Bryant profession didn't take long to begin in a decent way. In his second year in the NBA as a shooting monitor, at 19 years old, he was casted a ballot to play in the NBA’s top pick game, turning into the most youthful player to show up in the game. Later with the assistance of Shaquille O’neal the Lakers won three back to back titles in 2000, 2001, 2002. As he arrived at the prime of his profession without Shaq he had some dull season as his group didn’t even almost contend at the level Kobe was. He was extraordinary on January 22, 2006 he scored 81 focuses and accomplishing the second most elevated scoring game in NBA history, just second to Wilt Chamberlain’s 100 point game. Despite the fact that his race for a title was not yet over in 2008 he connected up with seven footer Pau Gasol coming to the NBA finals. They didn't win that year however the next year they did in 2009. In 2010 their season was similarly as incredible coming to the NBA fin als for a third consecutive time as Kobe was driving the way. They met their main opponents again in the games most significant stage. They beat the Boston Celtics in an exciting seven game arrangement. Kobe was named Finals MVP for both of the seasons that they had won the NBA title. He is presently a five-time NBA champion is as yet looking for additional titles. In the 2013 season he turned into the most youthful player to arrive at 30000 focuses at 34 years old. Kobe Bryant is one of the best ball player to ever play the game and will one day be a Hall of Famer. Kobe Bryant has an establishment, â€Å"The Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Family Foundation†, that is committed to improving the lives of youth and families out of luck, both locally and all around. By giving money related assets and creating exceptional projects, the establishment endeavors to fortify networks through instructive and social enhancement openings. Kobe Bryant is respected by the NBA fans everywhere throughout the world. They love the energy he carries to game with his extraordinary grip shots and stunning plays. Kobe is likewise respected for the assistance he brings to the less lucky. By aiding the monetarily or instructively. By and large Kobe Bean Bryant is somebody you could gaze upward to on and off the court.

Using A Sample Of Cause Effect Essay To Get A Point Across

Using A Sample Of Cause Effect Essay To Get A Point AcrossA sample of cause effect essay outlines a writer's perspective on the subject. A concept can be expanded into an essay by using this as a basis. If you are writing on any subject, be it history, science, history, or a literary theme, this topic is a great place to start. It will give you a useful framework that you can expand upon for your own ideas and thoughts.The most commonly used structure for the sample of cause effect essay is a thesis statement and then a discussion. That way, there is no interruption in the middle of your essay to explain the thesis statement.There are many ways that the written word can be perceived as a way to get a message across. Writing a sample of cause effect essay is one way to get a point across. This allows you to reach out to someone else that may not be familiar with your topic or ideas.It is a general rule that the less you say the better. Most essays are best when the writer takes little thought when writing them. Even though you want to get across your points, you don't want to drown the other person in words. You want to try to add in some thought and the writer that you are trying to reach should understand this.The key to doing this is by keeping the essay short. In fact, it is recommended that a few sentences should be left on the paper to allow for a conversation. When there is a conversation going on, the flow is quicker and easier.There are different ways that you can begin the conversation. One way is by bringing up points that are relevant. For example, if you are talking about the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, you can bring up the fact that nuclear weapons cause the spread of cancer and other illnesses.Another way is to bring up different ways that the bombings caused damage to both countries. Perhaps you will bring up the negative side effects that each one of them has. Then, take that information and try to relate it to your current essay.Using th ese samples will allow you to put an idea onto paper without giving up the ability to continue on with your essay. These samples are meant to be easy to use. They are intended to be a small amount of information that you can add to another essay and then add some thought to that first essay.

Time Management Skills - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 801 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Time Management Essay Did you like this example? What are you doing right now? What do you wish you could be doing right now? What other things could you be doing right now? These are all good questions that all come to one common term. Time management. We all know the feeling of maybe I should do this before I do that. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Time Management Skills" essay for you Create order All people can agree efficiency is what makes the world spin but the ideals can be scaled at miniscule or gargantuan levels in the sense you can be efficient with doing the dishes or a multi billion dollar company can be efficient with the production of those plates. Jeff bezos is a multi billionaire and the owner of Amazon an almost trillion dollar company but he does this because he is very good at predicting things and somewhat guessing. He only owns 16% when it comes to the company itself but he is using his knowledge of management and putting all of his time towards the most important aspect of his company. Time management skills can be used to become more efficient and less stressful in the long run. The ability to be able to get things done on a schedule makes life go by faster meaning one can use more time to worry less about smaller inconveniences. Forty fifth president of the United States of America, Donald John Trump Created The Art of The Deal and in that book he talked about the ways he used his time in such a way that resulted in productivity in his life. Like what trump mentioned in his book pertaining to this topic was, the time you spend doing something doesnt matter, itrs what comes from that time spent. He also mentioned how his jobs had significantly lower prices (cost for them) than other companies due to them being ahead of schedule. Using those tools to better your time and to get ahead of other things that you might be focused on. These all are great ways to help someone out with their most important value and to get more enjoyment out of what they put in to something. Clincher: What is the importance of this subtopic? The organisation of your time is an efficient way to make your life more productive and useful due to what you know and when something is happening. Stress can overwhelm anything due to over thinking and over/ under production and meeting things at certain dates so itrs not bad to just think. Matt Mayberry is a motivational speaker and a CEO of a company, and is very successful at both, but in one of his articles about Time management he wrote about how someone can Take a walk, go to the gym, get some fresh air or take that sick day you have been holding out on (Mayberry). This quote is very good for someone who over works and never has time to themselves. People have needed some time to think and doing some of the suggested things Matt said is a good way to clear your head so you can get back on track. By doing this people get to working harder on one thing because the negatives have been cleared from their head. Mayberryrs article is very helpful in listing ways you can use time correctly or in your favor but a great listen would be Time management Is Key To Getting Work Done. This is a great podcast between two great women in Radio/Podcasts Renee Montagne and Lucy Kellaway are great examples of everyday people. In this podcast these ladies talk about their daily struggles. Lucy mentioned that her addiction to reading emails gets in the way of her other important tasks due to how stressful they can be. This is a great point because small things like emails or texts can suck us in to doing something for a long period of time without being productive. People tend to get off topic and lose productivity due to these small obstacles and stress due to them. This whole process is a waste of time and unnecessary . The effective use of time management skills are what help people and businesses run faster and with less problems. Most people Have smaller obstacles that when piled up can become major and hinder their full potential and need way to get around those things. Schedules can really help as well due to having everything in a position instead of just saying whatrs next people already have a game plan. Most people can agree that if you use any management skills not just time management skills your life will be a whole lot smoother. People as a whole are better impacted when not only people work together but have specialized ways they can work themselves with those other people to reach the end goal.

A Guide to Legal Research and Citation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2537 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Legal research and citations Meaning of Research The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has received a number of varied meanings and explanations. In its ordinary sense, the term refers to a search for knowledge. The Advanced Learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Dictionary of Current English spells out the meaning of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a careful investigation or inquiry specifically through search for new facts in any branch of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Guide to Legal Research and Citation" essay for you Create order According to the Websterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s International Dictionary, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a careful, critical inquiry or explanation in seeking facts or principles; diligent investigation in order to ascertain somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. While Webster Dictionary explains the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. D Slesinger and M Stephenson perceived the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of The 1911 Cambridge edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica defines research as: The act of searching into a matter closely and carefully, inquiry directed to the discovery of truth and in particular, the trained scient ific investigation of the principles and facts of any subject, based on original and first hand study of authorities or experiment. Investigations of every kind which has been based on original sources of knowledge may be styled research and it may be said that without à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ no authoritative works have been written, no scientific discoveries or inventions made, no theories of any value propounded à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Legal research is the process of identifying and retrieving information necessary to support legal decision-making. In its broadest sense, legal research includes each step of a course of action that begins with an analysis of the facts of a problem and concludes with the application and communication of the results of the investigation. The processes of legal research vary according to the country and the legal system involved. However, legal research generally involves tasks such as: 1) finding primary sources of law, or primary authority, in a given jurisdiction (cases, statutes, regulations, etc.); 2) searching secondary authority (for example, law reviews, legal dictionaries, legal treatises, and legal encyclopedias such as American Jurisprudence and Corpus Juris Secundum), for background information about a legal topic; and 3) searching non-legal sources for investigative or supporting information. Legal research is performed by anyone with a need for legal information, including lawyers, law librarians, and paralegals. Sources of legal information range from printed books, to free legal research websites and information portals to fee database vendors such as Wolters Kluwer, Chancery Law Chronicles,[2] LexisNexis, Westlaw, and Bloomberg Law. Law libraries around the world provide research services to help their patrons find the legal information they need in law schools, law firms and other research environments. Many law libraries and institutions provide free access to legal inf ormation on the web, either individually or via collective action, such as with the Free Access to Law Movement. In practice, there are three categories of legal research tasks assigned to paralegals. While each of these categories have different purposes, the legal research must be performed in the same manner for each of them. The three categories of assignment are legal research performed to obtain background in an unfamiliar area of the law; legal research in preparation for an upcoming meeting, hearing, or deposition; and legal research in preparation for writing a opinion letter for the client or a memorandum of law to the court. Background Legal Research Background legal research is the most general of the legal research assignments. It is research to determine what the law is in a particular field. The research is broad in scope and designed to determine the general legal principles that apply in that area of the law. In this sense, it is much like the law studied i n paralegal education classes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  very broad and not tied to any specific aspect of the clients legal problem. Background legal research is performed out of academic interest. It is a necessary step in determining what advice to give the client if the field of law is unfamiliar to the lawyer. The lawyer must first understand the broad issues of the field before deciding on more specific legal research tasks. This may include gaining an understanding of the policies and goals underlying a particular area of the law. Just because background legal research is broad in scope does not mean that you should not have a thorough grasp of the clients legal problem. Knowing why the background legal research is necessary helps narrow your research. An assignment to research the insurance requirements for registered vehicles traveling on public streets is more easily performed if you know that the client is charged with operating a moped without insurance. Event-driven Le gal Research This type of legal research is performed because it is likely an issue will come up at a court hearing or client meeting. You will perform this type of legal research any time there is a discrete issue requiring a specific answer. A common example is an evidentiary question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  you might be asked to conduct legal research to determine if a witness can testify about a conversation with your client. Event-driven legal research is designed to determine the answer to a very narrow and specific question. Event-driven legal research requires detailed knowledge about the specific legal problem. The results of this kind of legal research are always determined by the facts of the clients problem. If your legal research discovers alternative solutions, these will also depend on the facts. It is imperative that the results of this type of legal research be placed in a specific factual context. This kind of legal research is narrowly focused and looks for re sults. Your research should not address issues of policy or effects of other laws unless those questions are appropriate for the client. Alert Staying focused on the clients problem is essential when conducting legal research. The scope of the law is very broad à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  there is always another court opinion or another statute that might affect the results of your research. If you follow every trail, you will delay your conclusion and run up a big bill for the client. Be thorough, but do not overdo it. Legal Research in Preparation for Writing Lawyers often use the results of legal research to present written advice to clients or to prepare written arguments to a court on behalf of a client. The writing usually has a specific purpose. The opinion letter will discuss the effect of a contract provision so that the client can decide whether to agree to the provision; the written argument will support the clients position concerning enforcement of a settlement. S ince only lawyers can write letters to clients giving legal advice and only lawyers can file written arguments with the court, this kind of research is not a final product but is used to formulate a final product. The results may be supplemented or supported by other legal research as necessary.This kind of legal research is somewhat broader than event-driven legal research. Although the result is important in this kind of legal research, it is often necessary to understand why the result was reached. Questions of policy and relationship to other laws are valuable context for the results of this type of legal research. Methods of research DOCTRINAL LEGAL RESEARCH Doctrinal legal research, as conceived in the legal research domain, is research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"aboutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ what the prevailing state of legal doctrine, legal rule, or legal principle is. A legal scholar undertaking doctrinal legal research, therefore, takes one or more legal propositions, prin ciples, rules or doctrines as a starting point and focus of his study. He à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"locatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ such a principle, rule or doctrine in statutory instrument(s), judicial opinions thereon, discussions thereof in legal treatises, commentaries, textbooks, encyclopedias, legal periodicals, and debates, if any, that took place at the formative stage of such a rule, doctrine or proposition. Thereafter, he à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"readsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ them in a holistic manner and makes an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the material as well as of the rules, doctrines and formulates his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"conclusionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and writes up his study. For example, a legal researcher interested in criminal law might start with proposition dealing with right against selfchilot.wordpress.com72 incrimination. Research then takes place in the law library, where he will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"locateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the proposition (along with its d ifferent contours) and its discussions in treatises and textbooks on criminal law, criminal procedure, and constitutional law, encyclopedia and leading legal periodicals. He will also try to locate all relevant judicial pronouncements of the higher judicial institutions delved into the right against selfincrimination. He will then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"readà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ these materials and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"analyzeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ them by applying his power of reasoning and will, premised on analytical perspective and the material used, draw some conclusions about the proposition. He then will write up his study. He may, in his study advance a set of formulations, supportive or otherwise, with convincing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasoningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ about the proposition-the right against self-incrimination. He, in his research report, may offer an alternative comprehensive paradigm of the doctrine. With a view to drawing parallels between the doctrine or rule u nder inquiry, he may also find a comparable doctrine or rule from other jurisdictions. He may, depending upon à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of his research, also propose a new formulation of the rule or doctrine, a model statute or a statutory provision. He may also highlight the purpose and policy of law that exist and may propose what it ought to be. Doctrinal legal research, thus, involves: (i) systematic analysis of statutory provisions and of legal principles involved therein, or derived therefrom, and (ii) logical and rational ordering of the legal propositions and principles. The researcher gives emphasis on substantive law rules, doctrines, concepts and judicial pronouncements. He organizes his study around legal propositions and judicial pronouncements on the legal propositions of the appellate courts, and other conventional legal materials, such as parliamentary debates, revealing the legislative intent, policy and history of the rule or doctrine. Classic works of legal scholars on the law of torts and administrative law do furnish outstanding examples of doctrinal legal research. Non doctrinial research In the recent past, doctrinal legal research has received a severe jolt due to change in the political philosophy of law from the laissez faire to the welfare state envisaging socio-economic transformation through law and legal institutions, the consequential new substantive and functional facets of law, and certain compelling pragmatic considerations arising from this metamorphosis. Prominent reasons and arguments stressing the need for inquiry into social facets of law are: First, the emergence of sociological jurisprudence and its underlying philosophy assigned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the task of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"social engineeringà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Almost every modern civilized State perceives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as an active instrument of socio-economic justice and thereby a vehicle of social engineering. This new operational facet of law has inevitably led to enactment of enormous statutes with specified socio-economic drives. In fact, we have come to live in an age is of social welfare laws. Secondly, in the light of such a role assigned to law, it is argued, it becomes necessary to look into the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the Legislature that play significant role in setting the legislative process in motion and in identifying the beneficiaries thereof and the reasons therefor. These à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"factorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"interestsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (for putting law in motion for the desired planned socio-economic change), indicate, rather dictate, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"frameworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the law as well reveal the choices opted by the Legislature when it faced with alternative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" pathsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ towards, or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strategiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for, the intended legislative goal. Thirdly, it becomes necessary to carry out frequent attitudinal studies of those whose legal position is sought to be modified by a given law as well as of those who are vested with the power of interpreting and implementing it so that the Legislature, armed with this feedback, can fulfill its job in a more satisfactory manner. Fourthly, a number of facts or factors that lie outside a legal system may be responsible for non-implementation or poor implementation of a given piece of social legislation. A systematic probe into these factors and their influence on the operation of law, therefore, becomes necessary to identify these bottlenecks and to design appropriate strategy to remove them or to minimize their influence on the law so that the law can be made an effective instrument of socio-economic transformation. Fifthly, there is nearly always a certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ between actual social behavior and the behavior demanded by the legal norm and certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tensionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ between actual behavior and legally desired behavior. Identification of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tensionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as well as factors responsible therefore becomes necessary for strengthening potentials of law as a vehicle for socio-economic justice. CITATIONS Legal citationis the practice of crediting and referring to authoritative documents and sources. The most common sources of authority cited are court decisions (cases), statutes, regulations, government documents, treaties, and scholarly writing. Typically, a properlegalcitationwill inform the reader about a sourcesauthority, how strongly it supports the writersproposition, its age, and other,relevantinformation. This is an example citation to aUnited States Supreme Courtcourt case: Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 480 (1965). This citation gives helpfulinformationabout the cited authority to the reader. The names of the parties are Griswold and Connecticut. Generally, the name of the plaintiff (or, on appeal, petitioner) appears first, whereas the name of the defendant (or, on appeal, respondent) appears second. Thus, the case isGriswold v. Connecticut. The case is reported in volume 381 of theUnited States Reports(abbreviated U.S.). The case begins on page 479 of that volume of the reporter. The authoritative supporting material for the writers proposition is on page 480. The reference to page 480 is referred to as a pin cite or pinpoint. The Supreme Court decided the case. Because the U.S. Reports publish only cases that the Supreme Court decides, the court deciding the case may be inferred from the reporter. The authority supports the proposition directly because it is not qualified with a signal. If it had offered only indirect or inferential support for the proposition, the author should have preceded the cite with aqualifying signalsuch asseeorcf. The authority is from 1965, so either the clear and enduring wisdom of this source has been venerated by the test of time, or this clearly dated relic of another era is obviously ripe for revision, depending upon the needs of the writer. During a legal proceeding, a legal citation analysis i.e. usingcitation analysistechnique for analyzinglegal documents- facilitates the better understanding of the inter-related regulatory compliance documents by the exploration the citations that connect provisions to other provisions within the same document or between different documents. Legal citation analysis uses acitation graphextracted from aregulatorydocument, which could supplementE-discovery- a process that leverages on technological innovations inbig data analytics Some countries have ade factocitation standard that has been adopted by most of the countrys institutions. Australia Australian legal citationusually follows theAustralian Guide to Legal Citation(commonly known as AGLC) Canada Canadian legal citation usually follows theCanadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation(commonly called the McGill Guide) Germany German legal citation Netherlands Dutch legal citation follows theLeidraad voor ju ridische auteurs[5](commonly known asLeidraad) United Kingdom Oxford Standard for Citation Of Legal Authoritiesis the modern authority oncitation of United Kingdom legislation. Guidance for UK government drafters is provided inStatutory Instrument Practice.[6] USA U. S. legal citation follows one of: Bluebookstandard ALWD Citation Manual

Accounting Midterm Essay - 1760 Words

ACCT112 Midterm Assignment – Week 9 Due at the end of week 9. There are 70 marks. This assignment is worth 20 % of the total grade. True or False: (15 Marks) 1. In spite of its weaknesses, the cost principle is most often used because it is the most reliable basis of valuation. TRUE 2. The going concern assumption assumes the company will continue to operate for at least two years. TRUE 3. The economic entity assumption states that economic events can be identified with a particular unit of accountability. FALSE 4. The monetary unit assumption states that transactions that can be measured in terms of money should be recorded in the accounting records. TRUE 5. The drawings account is a subdivision of†¦show more content†¦d. Debit a revenue account for $500. 9. A furniture factorys employees work overtime to finish an order that is sold on February 28. The office sends a statement to the customer in early March and payment is received by mid-March. The overtime wages should be expensed in a. February. b. March. c. the period when the workers receive their cheques. d. either in February or March depending on when the pay period ends. 10. Jacob’s Company has a June 30 year end. On June 28, Jacob’s provided consulting services to Jennings Company. Jacob’s billed Jennings on July 2 for $800 related to these services. On July 5, Jennings paid the invoice in full. Jacob’s only cost related to this sale was $250 in salaries expense. Jacob’s paid the salaries on July 3. Assuming Jacob’s Company has a June 30 year end, the company’s profit for the Jennings’ job on the June 30 financial statements should be a. 0. b. $800. c. $550. d. $250. 11. Under the accrual basis of accounting a. cash must be received before revenue is recognized. b. net income is calculated by matching cash outflows against cash inflows. c. events that change a companys financial statements are recognized in the period they occur rather than in the period in which cash is paid or received. d. the ledger accounts must be adjusted to reflect a cash basis of accounting before financial statements are prepared under generally accepted accountingShow MoreRelatedCost Accounting Midterm2751 Words   |  12 PagesADM 3346A COST ACCOUNTING Solution Fall 2010 Midterm Examination STUDENT NAME: _________________________________________________ STUDENT NUMBER: ________________________________________________ 90 minutes INSTRUCTIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. Books and notes are not permitted, except language dictionaries. Non programmable calculators are permitted. Put all answers in the question booklet Questions concerning possible errors in the exam only will be answered. 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Question: Discuss the product portfolio management theories and product life cycle by quoting examples from a company with wide range of products. Answer: Introduction Product Life Cycle Theory is the cycle through which the product undergoes from the introduction to the declination stage. Proper analysis of plc would enable the company to initiate the health for the product and in relation with the market it serves. It contributes the scan of the market and enables to create the action in much faster way. The Product Portfolio Management enables to complete the overview of all the products along with its projects and the resources. It helps to build the ideas for the product thorough the strategic alignment. The dynamic portfolio of the product would ensure to make the attention of the requirement. The success of the Product Portfolio Management delivers to avoid the pitfalls and initiate high quality along with data driven decisions (philip 2016). The company of Nestle has been taken into consideration for the analysis. Issues One criticism of the model is that product lifecycle, the product portfolio does not clearly predict the length in each phase, and it does not forecast the sales with accuracy. Along with it if the marketer decides the product to approach in the phase of Decline the sale of the product will inevitably decline. It does not happen if its been in the Maturity Phase. The issues relates with the product portfolio management is inadequate resource planning and lack of prioritization. The lack of financial transparency and the inability to recognize the underperforming projects and the products are other important issues which arise (Kotler et al. 2016). Findings The Product Life Cycle enables to describe the products and the four phases of it, which includes introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. It further initiates that each phase has different mix of the marketing and maximize the probability of the product. It involves the investment, which secures the revenue. Another important findings is that though it does not predict the sales but can be analyzed the sales figure and the forecast. It again provides the guide to the marketing along with the tactics at a given point of time (Dhillon 2013). The Product portfolio management helps to beat the competition and increase the revenue. Further it initiates the delivery of new products and drive down the cost. It again improves the market conditions and represents the prod it strategy along with a planned perspective. It further executes the projects to accomplish the goals. It further helps to analyze the risk and plan the financials with the use of the scenario (Alon et al. 2013). Product Life Cycle The Theory of Product Life Cycle is first incorporated in the year of 1950. It explains the expected life cycle of the product from the design till its obsolescence. It divided into various phase which includes introduction, growth, maturity and decline (Dhillon 2013). The main goal of the life cycle is to create the evaluation of the values and the profitability in each cycle. This is associated with the marketing theory (Ayres et al. 2013). The product life cycle of each product in a company is exhibited through the following order: Figure showing the PLC stages of Magi Source: (Ayres et al. 2013). Stages of Product life cycle Development Stage Development stage is stage when the product is introduced into the market. They are introduced before the demand created in the market. The company in this stage can choose between pricing strategies (Hanks 2015). Now, taking Maggi as example when it was first introduced in the market there was no competition. It has limited distribution of the product. The promotion of the product mainly focuses on awareness and the information. Growth Strategies In this stage the demand began to increase and the size of the market expands. The sales and the profit start to increase in this stage. The company will make the product price same throughout to maximize the earnings (Kerzner 2013). The Maggi shows the initial profit and development costs are covered. Market Maturity Market maturity is the stage the other company would increase as a competitor. They will introduce similar products. They need to develop new service and new strategies to differentiate it from the competitors (Mahapatra et al. 2012). The market of Maggi got saturated and declines the sales growth. Competitors like Knorr Annapurna Soupy noodles and yippee noodles try to capture the market. Decline Stage The product began to lose its customers appeal and the sales stats to drift downward. The company has two options in this stage fist they can maintain the product through reducing the price or they can discontinued with it (Stark 2015). The market of Maggi makes to long-run drop in terms of sales. They lower the marketing expense for the product. Product Portfolio The product Portfolio is the items which a company sells in the market. The product portfolio makes differentiation of each product of the company. The cost of the product of the company differs according to the product. For Example if we take Nestle then it has milk Products like Nestle EveryDay, Yogurt etc. Again it has different beverages like Nestea, Coffee etc. Thirdly it has chocolates and confectionary including KitKat, BarOne, etc. Fourthly it has another segment in Prepared Dishes and Cooking Aids like Maggi Noodles, Maggi sauce etc. based on the performance the products can be classified into several steps of Stars, Cash cows, Dogs and Question Marks (Eggers 2012). Boston Group Consulting Matrix Both the portfolio of the Nestle products can be classified through the Boston Group Consulting Matrix. The category of each product will be based on four areas which would based on Market Share- it shows will the product can be sold having a low or high market share. Market Share- it shows that number of the customers growing or not. Question Marks The strategic business units need to have a low market share along with high growth market. For example the Magi 2- minute noodles require an investment to capitalize the growth in the culinary segment. It needs to offer the high return on the investment in the portfolio of Nestles brands (Palia et al. 2014). Stars The strategic Business Unit here shares high growth of market. The wide range of the Nestle in the segment of the mineral water is the combination of the healthy lifestyle and the emerging market. However, the product in these segments needs to involve with large investment. So, it differentiates the bottled water from the competitors of the mature market like Kinley. They also need to ensure the brand awareness in the new markets (Cantamessa and Montagna 2016). Dogs It involves low share of market in the low grow of the market. The product of the range needed to take example of the sales of Jenny Craig and the Lene Cusise products. It deals with the loss management brands and fails to expand beyond USA (Palia et al. 2014). Cash Cows Cash Cows ensures high share in the low growth of the market. Here the company needs to invest very lees amount (Cantamessa and Montagna 2016). The example of Nestle product in this category is Milkpak. Figure showing the BCG Matrix and Nestle Product on the table Source: (Palia et al. 2014). Goals of Product Portfolio Management The portfolio product management differs from company to company. The main dominator for the firms is the goals which need to achieve. There are five goals associated with that could best explored by Dr. Cooper and Dr. Edgett. Value Maximization The resources need to allocate so that the value of the portfolio received a number of key objectives. Example of it is profitability, acceptable risk and the ROI. Methods can be used to achieve the maximization of the goal which ranges from the financial method to the sourcing models (Archibald and Archibald 2015). Balance The project can be balanced through adopting some parameters like risk versus returns, short term or long term, Business technologies and various markets. Here methods like financial methods and the scoring models can be used (Kaiser et al. 2015). Business strategy alignment The three man approaches, which reflect the strategy of the company, are the top-down, bottom-up and the top-down and bottom-up. It ensures that breakdown of the spending aligns with the strategic priorities of the company (Archibald and Archibald 2015). Pipeline Balance Number of projects needs to initiate to achieve the balance between the demand of the pipeline resource and the availability of it. The main goal is to avoid the gridlock that is many projects with limited resource (Archibald and Archibald 2015). Sufficiency The profits set out for the product innovation strategy need to be achieved. It can be conducted through the financial analysis of the pipelines potential value of the future (Kaiser et al. 2015). Pricing Decisions Pricing Decisions of PLC The product when first introduced in the market need to use the strategy of price skimming and the penetration strategy. Price skimming ensures to introduce the product at a high price. Some customers like to buy the product as it enables to offer high price which no other product of the same segments offers. Through the view of company they want to capture the market before competitors comes with their product. The marketing manager can also make to introduce with low price to get the initial orders (Philip 2016). Identification The product is successful and it will produce the growth. Sales will be high and consumers will aware about the advertising and the promotions. For example the Nestle Company use the product with the same pricing strategy. If the company starts to sell with high price then its attempts of market share would make the price to comparatively low (Cabeza et al. 2014) Function The second stage is the maturity stage. Here as been discussed the sales will continue to grow. Here, the profits needs to higher than any other stage. The competition will be complex to acquire many new users. As a result the Nestle Company require lowering the price along with its competition. The increase of the market share needs to become the priority during the maturity stage which needs discounting (Philip 2016). Effects The sale for a particular product need to get decline after it reaches a saturation pint. The company undergoes through different stages either maintain the product or reduce the price. Nestle company at this stage need to eliminate the unprofitable channels of the distribution (Lovelock et al. 2014). Pricing Decisions of PPM Product Portfolio Management simplifies the different Pricing strategy that matches with the strength of the product. It ensures the strategy, which enables to a price, which maximizes the returns. Product Portfolio Management of the company adopts a varied approach in the pricing strategies and its product mix (Lovelock et al. 2014). Premium Pricing Products with the high price of Nestle enable the consumers to assume that it has high quality. In other sense a company can charge high price for a single product even its competitors are charging low. Premium pricing is hard when the competition is high. It applies to the product where the brand name is high that they are willing to pay high price. The Coke Diet price is high than normal drinks of Coke (Lovelock et al. 2014). Market Penetration Pricing The companies when need to increase the market share they can adopt for the market penetration pricing. Company charges low price to secure high volume in the market. Companies need to use the newcomers the market, the industry, or the small sized companies to become the challengers of the market (Philip 2016). Fair Market Pricing The pricing strategy needs to adopt the line with the pricing of the market comparing with the competitors. The knowledge of the customers and the competitors within the market, need to rely with the market research for the product price of Nestle. (Cantamessa and Montagna 2016). Cost plus Pricing- when the company takes its cost of goods sold and ensures to set a profit. the company has a cost of product in this scenario and therefore it decides to seta profit on that (Lovelock et al. 2014). Gross profit margin- it is the pricing strategy, which ensures the sale of the company and cover the company is cost of goods sold. The Cost of the goods sold at the variable as well as the fixed costs of the sale (Philip 2016). Macroeconomic effect Macroeconomic effect on PLC The Product Life Cycle theory explains the comparative advantage of the goes that enables to shift from another country to another. The development and the testing require a design of the product. Over the time the product tens to get standardized as many manufactures can manufacture it. For example initially in India Magi captured the market. After which the popularity of Knorr Soupy Noodles and the Yippee became popular (Jots et al. 2015). The theory of PLC is related with the comparative advantage that new product gets which can be exported and manufactured worldwide. As the result foreign firms gets accustomed with the technology and they produce the same product in their country. Macroeconomic effect on PPM Product development Product Portfolio Management acts important factor in any company for the development of the product. Nestle has the most import approach for developing its product Through Product Portfolio Management Nestle able to make the implementation and the maintenance of the efficient portfolio management. The product development of Nestle depends to respect the traditional and the quality of the product. Nestle has categorizes into different development for the product according to different categories. The renovation of the Nescafe enabled to deliver to launch a new product throughout the world (Armstrong et al. 2014). The development of the new coffee aroma in Nescafe enabled to range it in the premium range. While, the Nespresso has the strongest performance, which delivers new color machine and a customer service in the Nespresso Club and the implementation of new online, order service initiates to achieve high level of acceptance of customers. The company introduces the Product development of a company through the product life cycle. The Magi in India is in the decline stage the company again tries to develop it through reestablishing the brands. They kept the price of Magi same while creating more innovations in advertisement. Nestle introduces its product going through various stages (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). It enables to create the brand of Magi through over going its stages. Length of PLC in Nestle Magi the product of Nestle in India is in the stage of the decline. It enables the product to cater the decreased or the negative growth. The introduction and the growth stage of MGI Enxures the strength and the success of the product. While because of the low demand the product is in the decline stage. The company reintroduces the product through innovations in the advertisement. The competition enables the market to shift to other products. As a competition many competitors starts to capture the market. It becomes harder for Magi to maintain the acceptable sales and the growth in the company (Kotler et al. 2016). Buyers change its preferences to knorr or Yippee because of its changes and innovation. Magi need to adopt policies like reducing the price and innovation in its product. The company can change its packaging and designing segments. Marketing to specific segments of the PLC The company needs to adopt and identify the target customer and need to make strategies accordingly. The consumption of Magi is mostly the youth. They belong to people who are school goers and the college attendants. The Magi are in the stage, which is in the decline. Now marketing strategies need to attend to specify the customers segments (Foxall 2014). Diffusion of innovation is the theory, which seeks to explain the new ideas and the technologies into it. The four elements attached with it are the innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. The categories of the innovators can be innovators, early adaptors, early majority, late majority and the laggards. The customers in the segment of Nestle of Magi are mostly the late majority. They adopt the innovation along with skepticism. Recommendations The PLC and the PPM of the Nestle adopted to take a complete space in terms of the product development. It intimated a planned way to develop the products. However, the company has some products which are in the decline stage or maturity stage. The products like KitKat which are on the maturity stage need to adopt policies so that they overcome from it. The company also needs to initiate innovations for its product of Mineral Water. Strategies need to develop to solve the problems associated with the product of Nesquik, Milkpak. They share the market with high growth but low share (Slack 2015). The Company needs to expand in the technological advancement and trends along with innovations. The company needs to understand the taste and the sales trend of the products. Every product will decline at some stage. Company need to maintain the product so that competitors withdraw the products before Nestle does it (Kapferer 2012). They need to reduce the cost and enter into other niche area to increase the profit. The product need to discontinue the product which siaappears the profit. Extension strategy needs to include which would lead to the prolonged life for the current product or the service. It would enable to create a new version of the entire new product or the service. The strategy would help to delay the product or the service decline temporarily (Hill et al. 2014). Metrics is the measure system which quantifies the trend and the dynamics of the certain characteristics. The metrics can evaluate the ROI of the specific, actions and the test hypothesis. It would enable the company to evaluate the performance on the conversion, impact and the interaction (Phillips 2012). Conclusion Product Portfolio Management and The Product Life Cycle ensure to develop the product. The product can ranges through various stages. It enables the company to go through the stages. Product Portfolio Management initiates the product line associated with a single brand. It differentiates each product of the brand according to each to the market share and the market growth of the company. The company need measure each brand and crate policies according to the stages of the product. 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